Productivity per GERD (Gross domestic expenditure on R&D) is well above G20 average, so output has not been constrained by consistently low government investment which leads to low GERD/GDP. Output is only just above G20 median. Citation impact is good in all areas and the impact of domestic research is rising. The Impact Profile (see grafic) shows that average performance is further boosted by international collaboration, accounting for 55% of total output. (F: clarivate.com 2021)